FAQ

 WTP treats raw water to make it potable. STP treats domestic sewage, and ETP treats industrial wastewater to meet environmental standards.

 Water treatment ensures removal of contaminants, protects human health, safeguards equipment, and complies with environmental regulations.

Coagulation, flocculation, sedimentation, filtration, disinfection, and sometimes advanced treatment such as RO or UV.

 Potable water meets drinking standards, while industrial water is treated for processes, boilers, cooling, or manufacturing.

 Domestic sewage, industrial effluent, stormwater runoff, and mixed wastewater streams.

 RO forces water through a semi-permeable membrane, removing dissolved salts, TDS, and impurities.

 RO plants can remove up to 99% of TDS, depending on the membrane and feed water quality.

 Typically every 2–5 years, based on feed water quality and maintenance.

 50–75%, depending on water quality and plant design.

 Sediment filtration, water softening, chemical dosing, and dechlorination.

 Yes, RO water is suitable for potable use, boilers, cooling towers, and industrial applications.

 By measuring TDS of feed, permeate, and reject water, along with flow rates and pressure drops.

 DM water is demineralized via ion exchange, producing ultrapure water. RO removes dissolved salts but may leave some ions.

 Boiler feed, pharmaceuticals, laboratories, electronics, and other processes requiring high purity.

 Water passes through cation and anion exchange resins that remove all dissolved minerals.

Cation and anion resins require regeneration when saturated, typically every few weeks or as per water volume treated.

A combined bed of cation and anion resins to achieve ultrapure water after primary DM treatment.

 A system that removes calcium and magnesium to prevent water hardness.

Hard water passes through a cation resin exchanging hardness ions with sodium ions.

Resin is refreshed with a brine solution, replacing calcium and magnesium ions with sodium.

Periodically, based on water hardness and system capacity, usually every few months.

Yes, but it may contain higher sodium; suitable for most applications.

MBBR uses suspended biofilm media, SBR is batch-mode treatment, and activated sludge is continuous aeration biological treatment.

Yes, for flushing, gardening, cooling towers, and sometimes potable reuse after tertiary treatment.

Sludge is settled, thickened, and dewatered, often using filter presses or centrifuges.

BOD measures biodegradable organic matter; COD measures total oxidizable chemicals.

Advanced treatment to remove nutrients, pathogens, and suspended solids beyond secondary treatment.

Retention times vary from a few hours to 24+ hours depending on plant capacity.

Housing societies, hotels, hospitals, schools, commercial complexes, and some small industries.

To treat industrial wastewater to comply with discharge standards.

Textile, pharmaceuticals, chemicals, food processing, electroplating, and metal finishing.

Primary removes solids, secondary uses biological treatment, tertiary removes residual contaminants.

Through chemical oxidation, biological treatment, and filtration.

Coagulants, flocculants, neutralizers, antiscalants, and biocides.

Settled solids are dewatered using filter presses, centrifuges, or drying beds.

Yes, for cooling towers, irrigation, or industrial processes.

Removes suspended solids and turbidity under pressure using sand media.

Adsorbs chlorine, organics, and color from water.

Membrane filtration removing colloids, bacteria, and high molecular weight substances.

PSF removes solids, ACF removes organics, UF removes microorganisms and colloids.

Depends on usage; PSF/ACF require backwashing, UF membranes need periodic chemical cleaning.

Reversing water flow to clean filter media and remove trapped particles.

UF and RO membranes can remove bacteria and viruses; PSF and ACF mainly remove solids and organics.

Periodic inspection, chemical dosing checks, membrane cleaning, and preventive maintenance per manufacturer guidelines.

RO membranes: 2–5 years; DM resins: 3–10 years depending on usage and maintenance.

Yes, most modern systems come with PLC-based automation and remote monitoring.

By measuring TDS, pH, BOD, COD, turbidity, and microbial content.

Depends on plant size, pumps, aerators, and membranes; typically optimized for efficiency.

Based on water consumption, wastewater generation, peak demand, and future expansion.

Yes, all systems meet Indian and international water and wastewater treatment standards.